Thomas Jefferson

From Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia

Thomas Jefferson (April 13 [April 2, O.S.], 1743 – July 4, 1826) -- author of the Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, third president of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia -- voiced the aspirations of a new America as no other individual of his era. As public official, historian, philosopher, and plantation owner, he served his country for over five decades.

1789 bust of Jefferson by Jean Antoine Houdon; Image credit: Thomas Jefferson Foundation/Edward Owen; Gift of Richard Gilder and Lewis E. Lehrman

His father, Peter Jefferson, was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother, Jane Randolph, a member of one of Virginia's most distinguished families. Thomas Jefferson was the third of their 10 children.

Having inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, Jefferson began building Monticello when he was twenty-six years old. Three years later, he married Martha Wayles Skelton, with whom he lived happily for ten years until her death. Their marriage produced six children, but only two survived to adulthood. Jefferson, who never remarried, maintained Monticello as his home throughout his life, always expanding and changing the house.

Jefferson inherited slaves from both his father and father-in-law. In a typical year, he owned about 200, almost half of them under the age of sixteen. About eighty of these lived at Monticello; the others lived on adjacent Albemarle County plantations, and on his Poplar Forest estate in Bedford County, Virginia. Jefferson freed two slaves in his lifetime and five in his will and chose not to pursue two others who ran away. All were members of the Hemings family; the seven he eventually freed were skilled tradesmen.

Having attended the College of William and Mary, Jefferson practiced law and served in local government as a magistrate, county lieutenant, and member of the House of Burgesses in his early professional life. As a member of the Continental Congress, he was chosen in 1776 to draft the Declaration of Independence, which has been regarded ever since as a charter of American and universal liberties. The document proclaims that all men are equal in rights, regardless of birth, wealth, or status, and that the government is the servant, not the master, of the people.

After Jefferson left Congress in 1776, he returned to Virginia and served in the legislature. Elected governor from 1779 to 1781, he suffered an inquiry into his conduct during his last year in office that, although finally fully repudiated, left him with a life-long pricklishness in the face of criticism.

During the brief private interval in his life following his governorship, Jefferson wrote Notes on the State of Virginia. In 1784, he entered public service again, in France, first as trade commissioner and then as Benjamin Franklin's successor as minister. During this period, he avidly studied European culture, sending home to Monticello, books, seeds and plants, statues and architectural drawings, scientific instruments, and information.

In 1790 he accepted the post of secretary of state under his friend George Washington. His tenure was marked by his opposition to the pro-British policies of Alexander Hamilton. In 1796, as the presidential candidate of the Democratic Republicans, he became vice-president after losing to John Adams by three electoral votes.

Four years later, he defeated Adams and became president, the first peaceful transfer of authority from one party to another in the history of the young nation. Perhaps the most notable achievements of his first term were the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and his support of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. His second term, a time when he encountered more difficulties on both the domestic and foreign fronts, is most remembered for his efforts to maintain neutrality in the midst of the conflict between Britain and France; his efforts did not avert war with Britain in 1812.

Jefferson was succeeded as president in 1809 by his friend James Madison, and during the last seventeen years of his life, he remained at Monticello. During this period, he sold his collection of books to the government to form the nucleus of the Library of Congress. Jefferson embarked on his last great public service at the age of seventy-six, with the founding of the University of Virginia. He spearheaded the legislative campaign for its charter, secured its location, designed its buildings, planned its curriculum, and served as the first rector.

Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, just hours before his close friend John Adams, on the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. He was eighty-three years old, the holder of large debts, but according to all evidence a very optimistic man.

It was Jefferson's wish that his tombstone reflect the things that he had given the people, not the things that the people had given to him.

Family Information

• Father: Peter Jefferson (1707/8-1757)
• Mother: Jane Randolph (1720-1776)
• Siblings:
  • Jane (June 27, 1740 - October 1, 1765)
  • Mary (October 1, 1741 - ?)
  • Thomas (April 2/13, 1743 - July 4, 1826)
  • Elizabeth (November 4, 1744 - February/March 1774)^[1]
  • Martha (May 29, 1746 - September 3, 1811)
  • Peter Field (October 16, 1748 - November 29, 1748)
  • Unnamed Son (March 9, 1750 - March 9, 1750)
  • Lucy (October 10, 1752 - ?)
  • Anna (October 1, 1755 - ?)
  • Randolph (October 1, 1755 - September 15, 1815)^[2]

• Spouse: Martha Wayles Skelton (October 8/19, 1748 - September 6, 1782)^[3]
• Stepchild: John (1768-June 10, 1771)
• Children:
  • Martha (September 27, 1782-1836)
  • Jane Randolph (April 3, 1774-September 1775)
  • Unnamed Son (May 28, 1777-June 14, 1777)
  • Mary (August 1, 1778-April 17, 1804)
  • Lucy Elizabeth (November 30, 1780-April 15, 1781)
  • Lucy Elizabeth (May 8, 1782-October 13, 1784)

Footnotes

1. ↑ The death date recorded in the Jefferson family Prayer Book is incorrect for Elizabeth. See MB, 1:370-371.
2. ↑ All dates are from Wyllie, Prayer Book, Plate II, except where specifically noted otherwise.
3. ↑ Ibid., Plate XI.

See Also

• Physical Descriptions of Jefferson

Further Sources

• Bernstein, Richard B. Thomas Jefferson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. A good concise biography of Jefferson (253 pages).
• Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987. One of the best one-volume biographies of Jefferson - very readable.
• Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and His Time. (6 volume set). Boston: Little, Brown, 1948-1981. This is the seminal modern biography of Jefferson.
  • Jefferson the Virginian (1948)
  • Jefferson and the Rights of Man (1951)
  • Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (1962)
  • Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801-1805 (1970)
  • Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805-1809 (1974)
  • The Sage of Monticello (1981)
• Malone, Dumas. Thomas Jefferson: A Brief Biography. Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1986. An extremely abridged version of the above, published as part of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation's Monticello Monograph series.
• Mayo, Bernard (ed.). Jefferson Himself: The Personal Narrative of a Many-Sided American. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1942. This biography was compiled using excerpts from Jefferson's own writings.
• Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. Another well-regarded one-volume Jefferson biography, somewhat longer than Cunningham.